1. The word 'equivalent' is used by
Catford, Savory, Nida and Pinchuck. While Mc Guire uses the word
'similar' which is synonymous to the word 'equivalent'.
n 2. Textual material (Catford), SL
text (Mc Guire), written message (Newmark), and SL message (Nida) are
synonymous to indicate something to be translated into TL.
n 3. Replacement (Catford) and
reproducing (Nida) derive from ‘replace’ and ‘reproduce’ which are synonymous.
The word ‘replace’ is by Newmark
n Equivalent, SL text (message) and replacement
are the three elements, in translation. Some other elements include meaning,
craft and process.
n Translation equivalence could be in
the rank of word for. word, phrase for phrase, sentence for sentence and so on.
Look at the examle below:
rumah sakit = hospital
Juru rawat (perawat)
rumah sakit = hospital attendant
Saudara perempuanku perawat = My
sister is a hospital attendant.
Since words sometimes have more
than one meaning, their translation equivalent could be a problem unless they
are used in context (phrase, sentence or paragraph).
plane ...?
a new plane ...?
The carpenter has a new plane
...?
The carpenter has a new plane to
make the wood smooth.
plane = penarah, pengetam,
A word used in the idiomatic
phrases would puzzle you even more, e.g.
cat ... = kucing.
to bell the cat ... = melakukan sesuatu yang
berbahaya.
to let the cat out of the bag =
membuka rahasia.
a cat and dog life = penghidupan
yang penuh dengan pertengkaran
to rain cats and dogs.= hujan
sangat lebat.
When the cat is away the mice
will play = bebas sekali kalau tak ada majikan di rumah.
The enemy played cat and mouse
with the prisoners = musuh mempermainkan tawanannya
n The understanding these-which is
often intuitive is necessary in order to carry out a transfer of
(replace/reproduce) the content of a massage (written material/SL text) from
one language (SL) to another (TL)
Extra linguistic factors are
brought into play, together with those that are strictly linguistic. Theses
extra linguistic factors are:
- subject matter of the text
- objective of the originator of
the text
- the author
- the intended readers
- time and place
n Translation, as a process, is always
uni-directional, namely, it is always performed in a given direction 'from' a
SL 'into' a TL.
n Though several writers define
translation rather differently, they use common key terms such as: equivalent
(similar), textual material (SL text, written message, SL
message) and reproducing, (replacement).
n Translation equivalence can be in
the rank of word for word, phrase for phrase, sentence
for sentence and so on. .
n Your knowledge of grammar plays an
important role when you translate English phrases or sentences into Indonesian
or vice versa,
n SUMMARY
n English words with multiple meanings
should be translated only in their context.
n English words used in their
idiomatic phrases do not have their literal equivalents in Indonesian.
n Translation involves lexical and
grammatical adjustments. It may also involve discarding, the basic
linguistic elements of the SL text.
n Translation is the transfer of
meaning which is often intuitive.
n TYPES AND CATEGORIES OF TRANSLATION
Catford (1969: 21) divides
translation into three distinctive types, namely:
•
(1)
Full translation v.s Partial-translation
•
(2)
Total v.s. Restricted translation
•
(3)
Rank of translation
The distinction between full and
partial translation relates to the extent of SL text which is submitted to the
translation process. In a full translation the entire text is submitted to the
translation process, that is, every part of the SL text is replaced by TL, text
material, e.g.
Indonesia English
Aku cinta Indonesia. I love Indonesia.
Dia akan pergi ke sana. He will go there.
Mereka tidak membeli apa-apa. They didn't buy anything.
In a partial translation,
however, some part of parts of the SL text are left untranslated. They are
simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL text, either because they are
regarded as 'untranslatable' or for the deliberate purpose of introducing 'local
color' into the TL text or even because they are so common and frequently used
that translation is not needed.
n I like hamburger.
n Saya senang hamburger.
n Rock hudson died of aids.
n Rock Hudson meninggal karena aids.
n We need microfilm.
n Kami memerlukan mikrofilm.
n The UNDP is funded by the UNESCO.
n UNDP dibiayai oleh UNESCO
n Orang hutan itu sejenis monyet.
n The orangutan is a kind of
ape.
n Pesinden itu menyanyikan mekatruh dengan
sedihnya
n The pesinden sang megatruh sadly.
n Dalang itu memainkan wayang kulit semalam suntuk
n The dalang played the
Javanese puppet show all night long
n Ibu masak rujak cingur untuk
makan siang
n Mother cooked rujak cingur
for lunch.
n The distinction between total and
restricted translation
In total translation SL grammar
and lexis are replaced by equivalent TL grammar and lexis. This replacement
entails the replacement of SL phonology/graphology by TL phonology/graphology,
e.g.
The child has slept for three hours
Anak itu telah tidur selama tiga jam
n The distinction between total and
restricted translation
Restricted
translation at the grammatical and lexical levels means, respectively,
replacement of SL grammar by equivalent TL grammar, but with no replacement of
lexis, and replacement of SL lexis by equivalent TL lexis but with no
replacement of grammar
Replacement
of grammar
1. Anak itu / telah tidur / selama /
tiga jam
Noun Det / Aux Verb / prep / Det
Noun (Indonesian)
Det Noun / Aux Verb3 / prep /
Det Noun (English)
2 Pemburu tua itu / membunuh /
seekor beruang muda.
Noun Ad Det / Verb / Det Noun
Adj (Indonesian)
Det Adj Noun / Verb2 / Det Adj
Noun ( English )
Replacement
of Lexis
1. Anak itu / telah tidur / selama /
tiga jam
child that / already sleep / for
/ thee hours
2. Pemburu tua itu / membunuh / seekor
beruang muda.
hunter old that / kill / a bear
young
The third type of
differentiation in translation according to Catford relates to the rank in
grammatical hierarchy at which translation equivalent is established. This rank
translation can be in the form of:
n word
to word translation
n group
to group translation
n sentence
to sentence translation
n paragraph
to paragraph translation
n discourse
to discourse translation
n SUMMARY
Catford divides
translation into three distinctive types, namely:
a. ln a full translation every part of
the SL text is replaced by TL text material while in a partial translation some
part (parts) of the SL text are left untranslated.
b. Total translation
v.s. Restricted translation.
In a total translation SL
grammar and lexis are replaced b equivalent TL grammar and lexis. Restricted
translation at the grammatical and lexical levels means, respectively, the
replacement of SL grammar by equivalent TL grammar with n replacement of lexis
and that of lexis by equivalent TL lexis with no replacement of grammar.
c. The rank
translation can be in the form of: word to word, group to group, sentence to
sentence, paragraph to paragraph and so on.
n SUMMARY
Jacobson
also distinguishes three types of translation namely intralingual
(rewording, paraphrasing), interlingual (replacement of SL text into the
TL equivalent), and intersemiotic or transmutation which is an
interpretation of verbal signs into music, dance and so on.
Savory
categorizes translation proper into four types:
- Perfect translation (all purely informative statements)
- Adequate translation (for mere entertainment)
- Composite translation (for intellectual exercises and pleasure
- Scientific translation which aims at attaining the accurate, clearness, and precision of the concepts.
IMPORTANT
Please ensure that your baggage
is correct before leaving the air terminus
PERHATIAN
Silahkan memeriksa barang-barang
anda sebelum meninggalkan pelabuhan udara
n EXERCISE
- A very impossible solution = sebuah sangat tak mungkin pemecahan
- Keluarga Smith senang durian = the Smiths like durian
- Tini likes hot dog
- No smoking
- Bill will arrive soon
- Some pretty little girls
- Bob is twenty years old while Kay his wife, is thirty five years old = Bob is much younger than his wife
- No parking
- I love Rock & Roll
- Offshore oil drilling
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